How to set up an NGINX web server and access it over Meshnet

Learn how to set up a self-hosted web server using NGINX on Windows, macOS, and Linux and access it over Meshnet.

Introduction

Owning a personal website is a dream that many people have. However, the more you look into it, the scarier it may seem: spending money on hosting, purchasing a domain name, and finding the best foundation. Nonetheless, in most cases, it is much more convenient to develop the web server on your personal machine since you have full access and control over your project. Self-hosting saves both time and money since you do not have to pay for hosting while the site is still in development. Additionally, the project can be shared with others by granting them access to your machine.

A tool that is widely used for configuring self-hosted websites is NGINX. It is free, open-source software that allows you to build and run self-hosted web servers. However, the drawback of such a setup is that, without poking holes in your firewall, the server can only be reached from the same local network. Having a commonly-used port exposed to the outside world is dangerous because it can be scanned and probed for vulnerabilities by attackers.

This is where Meshnet comes to your aid. By using Meshnet, you can have a secure and encrypted tunnel from end devices to your web server without any custom configurations. The website can also be accessed by your friends or family, which you have as your Meshnet peers.

Even though the NGINX web server can be run in a Docker container, this guide will focus on the standard setup process. You will learn how to configure a simple, self-hosted HTML web server and reach it remotely from other devices using Meshnet.

Configure a web server

In this part of the article, you can find instructions on how to configure the NGINX web server.

Set up NGINX

To start setting up the web server, you will need to install NGINX.

Go to the NGINX download page and download the latest mainline version for Windows.
Extract the downloaded archive.
Move the extracted folder to a convenient location, for example, the desktop.
Go inside the NGINX folder, open the conf folder, and locate the nginx.conf file.
Open the nginx.conf file using a text editor, such as Notepad.
Locate the listen line and ensure that the number next to it is set to 80.
Save changes (File > Save) and exit.

Note

If you do not change the port number to port 80, you will be required to specify the port from the nginx.conf file when accessing the website.

For example, if the port is set to 8080, you would need to enter the following in your internet browser: localhost:8080

Control NGINX

You can control NGINX services by using the command line. Commands allow you to start, stop, and restart NGINX.

Locate the nginx.exe file in the NGINX folder, right-click it, and choose Properties.
Copy its full path, which is displayed next to Location.
Open the Windows Command Prompt by pressing the Windows key + R on your keyboard, typing in cmd, and pressing Enter.
In the Command Prompt window, enter cd and paste in the copied path surrounded by quotation marks. Example
```
cd "C:\Users\secretmeerkat\Desktop\nginx-1.23.3\"
```
Now, you can control the nginx.exe file using the Command Prompt.
Type in nginx.exe and press Enter to start the web server. To check if the web server started, open an internet browser of your choice and enter localhost in the URL bar. If the setup was correct, you will be greeted with the default NGINX landing page.

Note

You will not be able to run any other commands in the same Command Prompt that was used to start NGINX. To run any new NGINX-related commands, you will need to open a new command prompt window and go to the NGINX directory once again.

Personalize your landing page

You can make adjustments to the landing page in order to customize the website to your preference.

In the NGINX folder, open the html folder, and locate the index.html file.
Open index.html using a text editor, such as Notepad.
Make any necessary changes to the file using HTML.
Save changes (File > Save) and exit.
In the command prompt, run the following command to reload NGINX with the new configuration:
```
nginx.exe -s reload
```

Lastly, visit localhost in your web browser once again to see the newly designed website.

Note

The initial iteration of the web server may still be visible in the browser after reloading the NGINX server. This is because it is saved in the browser’s cache.

To resolve this problem, clear your cache and try accessing the website once more.

Note

Homebrew is compatible with macOS Big Sur (Version 11) or later.

For this configuration, macOS Ventura (Version 13.0.1) with an Intel processor was used.

Install Homebrew

To install NGINX, you can use the Homebrew package manager. Install Homebrew by taking these steps:

Open Terminal.
Enter the following command:
```
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
```
For additional information about the installation process, refer to Homebrew documentation.
Follow the on-screen instructions to finish the installation.

With Homebrew installed, you can proceed with installing NGINX.

Install NGINX

To install NGINX using Homebrew, follow these steps:

Open Terminal and run the following command:
```
brew install nginx
```
Wait for Homebrew to download and install NGINX with all of the required dependencies.

Change the configuration file

By default, the NGINX port will be set to 8080. However, you can change it to port 80 to allow easier access to the web server via Meshnet.

Port 8080 highlighted in the NGINX installation output

To change the port number for the NGINX web server, do the following:

Open the nginx.conf file using the Nano text editor by running this command in Terminal: For Intel Macs:
```
nano /usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
```
For Apple silicon Macs:
```
nano /opt/homebrew/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
```
Locate the listen line and change the number next to it from 8080 to 80.
Press Control + X, Y, and Return to save changes and exit.
Run the following command to restart the NGINX service:
```
brew services restart nginx
```

With the service restarted, open an internet browser of your choice and enter localhost in the URL bar. If the setup is successful, you will be greeted with the default NGINX landing page.

NGINX landing page visible after visiting localhost on an internet browser.

Note

If you do not change the port number to port 80, you will be required to specify the port from the nginx.conf file when accessing the website.

For example, if you leave the default port 8080, you would need to enter the following in your internet browser: localhost:8080

Personalize your landing page

Now you should have the web server up and running. You can make adjustments to the landing page in order to customize the website to your preference.

Open Terminal and run the following command: For Intel Macs:
```
nano /usr/local/var/www/index.html
```
For Apple silicon Macs:
```
nano /opt/homebrew/var/www/index.html
```
Make any necessary changes to the file using HTML.
After modifying the file, press Control + X, Y, and Return to save changes and exit.
Run the following command to restart the NGINX service:
```
brew services restart nginx
```

Lastly, visit localhost in your web browser once again to see the newly designed website.

Note

The initial iteration of the web server may still be visible in the browser after reloading the NGINX server. This is because it is saved in the browser’s cache.

To resolve this problem, clear your cache and try accessing the website once more.

Note

For this configuration, Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS was used.

Set up NGINX

To start setting up the web server, you need to install NGINX.

Update all of your repositories and install NGINX by running the following command in Terminal:
```
sudo apt update && sudo apt install nginx -y
```
Once the installation finishes, run the following command to open the NGINX configuration file using the Nano text editor.
```
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
```
For other Linux distributions, use this command:
```
sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
```
Locate the listen line and ensure that the number next to it is set to 80.
If you do make any changes, press Ctrl + X, Y, and Enter to save and exit.

Now, open your internet browser and enter localhost into the URL bar. If the setup was correct, you will be greeted with the default NGINX landing page.

Note

If you do not change the port number to port 80, you will be required to specify the port from the /etc/nginx/sites-available/default file when accessing the website.

For example, if the port is set to 8080, you would need to enter the following in your internet browser: localhost:8080

How to fix error 98

The most common error that you can encounter while trying to start NGINX is error 98. It may come with either of the following messages:

nginx: [emerg] bind() to failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to failed (98: Unknown error)

If you receive this error, you will not be able to finish the configuration without resolving it.

To fix the error, find what service is using the required port (for example, port 80) by running the following command:

sudo netstat -tulpn | grep :80

Note

The net-tools package is required to use the netstat command.

It can be installed by executing the following command:

sudo apt install net-tools

In the output, you will see the name of the process and its process identification number (PID). With that information, you can kill the process by using sudo kill <PID>.

Example

sudo kill 2059

Terminal output showing processes that are using port 80.

Alternatively, you can either change the port of NGINX or the port of the other service.

Personalize your landing page

Now you should have the web server up and running. You can make adjustments to the landing page in order to customize the website to your preference.

Open the index.nginx-debian.html file using the Nano text editor by running this command:
```
sudo nano /var/www/html/index.nginx-debian.html
```
If you do not have the index.nginx-debian.html file, use the following command to find the necessary .html file on your system.
```
ls /var/www/html
```
Make any necessary changes to the file using HTML.
After modifying the file, press Ctrl + X, Y, and Enter to save changes and exit.
If NGINX is still running, run the following command to restart it with the new change:
```
sudo nginx -s reload
```
Otherwise, you can start NGINX by running the sudo nginx command.

Lastly, visit localhost in your web browser once again to see the newly designed website.

Note

The initial iteration of the web server may still be visible in the browser after reloading the NGINX server. This is because it is saved in the browser’s cache.

To resolve this problem, clear your cache and try accessing the website once more.

Access the web server using Meshnet

Once the web server is up and running, you can reach it remotely via Meshnet from your peer devices.

Copy the NGINX server device's Nord name from the NordVPN application.
Open your internet browser.
Paste the copied Nord name followed by a slash (/) to the URL field and press Enter. Example secret.meerkat-andes.nord/

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